STUDENTS TECHNICAL NOTES
PRODUCT TRAINING DEPARTMENT
Austin Morris Group
British Leyland UK Limited
Service and KD Division
Cowley, Oxford OX4 2PG England
SUBJECT MGBGTV8
MGB GT V8 ENGINE
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The cylinder block is cast aluminum fitted with cylinder liners. It has two
banks of four cylinders each, which form a 90 degree angle.
The crankshaft is supported by five bearings. The thrust is taken by the centre
main bearing. Connecting rods are forged steel, and aluminum alloy pistons are
used. These are fitted with two compression and one oil control ring above the
gudgeon pin which is semi-floating (press fit).
Cylinder heads are also aluminum castings. Iron valve seat inserts and valve
guides are used. The valves are arranged in line and operate at an angle of
10 degrees above the cylinder bore center line. The camshaft is located between
the two banks of cylinders, above the crankshaft, and runs in five bearings.
It is driven at half the crankshaft speed by an inverted tooth type chain. No
chain tensioner is provided.
The valves are operated by means of hydraulic tappets which ensure quiet engine
running and maintain adjustment at the correct clearance.
Lubrication of the engine is by means of a pressure fed oil system, which
incorporates an oil pump located in the timing cover, and an external full
flow oil filter.
Product Training (Cars)
June 1973
TECHNICAL DATA
| ENGINE | ||
| Unit type | V8 | |
| No. of cylinders | Eight, two banks of four | |
| Capacity | 215.54 in.3 (3 532 cm3) | |
| Bore | 3.50 in. (88,9 mm) | |
| Stroke | 2.80 in. (71,12 mm) | |
| Firing order | 1 - 8 - 4 - 3 - 6 - 5 - 7 - 2 | |
| Cylinder numbering - left bank | 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 (front to rear) | |
| Cylinder numbering - right bank | 2 - 4 - 6 - 8 (front to rear) | |
| Cranking pressure | 155 lbf/in2 (109 kgf/cm2) at 200 rev/min | |
| Compression ratio | 8.26 : 1 | |
| Torque | 193.0 lbf/in (26,33 kgf m) at 2,900 rev/min | |
| Engine idle speed | 800 to 850 rev/min | |
| Fast idle speed | 1 400 to 1 500 rev/min | |
| Valve operation | Overhead by push rod | |
| B.H.P. | 137 at 5000 rev/min din | |
| FUEL | ||
| Recommended octane rating | 97 RON (Research octane number) minimum | |
| CRANKSHAFT | ||
| Main journal dia. | 2.2992 to 2.2997 in. (58,40 to 58,41 mm) | |
| Crankpin journal dia. | 2.000 to 2.0005 in. (50,80 to 50,81 mm) | |
| Undersizes (mains and crankpin) | 0.100 in. 0.020 in. 0.030 in. 0.040 in. | |
| (0,25 mm) (0,51 mm) (0,76 mm) (1,02 mm) | ||
| Crankshaft end float | Taken on No. 3 main bearing | |
| Crankshaft Regrind | 0.004 to 0.008 in. (0,10 to 0,20 mm) | |
| MAIN BEARING | ||
| Number and type | 5 thin wall | |
| Length - Nos. 1,2,4 & 5 | 0.791 to 0.807 in. (20,12 to 20,50 mm) | |
| Length - No. 3 | 1.056 to 1.058 (26,82 to 26,87 mm) | |
| Diametrical clearance | 0.0004 to 0.0021 in. (0,01 to 0,05 mm) | |
| CON RODS | ||
| Type | Horizontally split big end, plain small end. | |
| Length between centres | 5.658 to 5.662 in. (143,71 to 143,81 mm) | |
| End float on crankpin | 0.006 to 0.014 in. (0,15 to 0,36 mm) | |
| Small end dia. | 0.8734 to 0.8739 in. (22,184 to 22,187 mm) | |
| BIG END BEARING | ||
| Type | Thin wall | |
| Length | 0.687 to 0.702 in. (17,45 to 17,83 mm) | |
| Diametrical clearance | 0.0006 to 0.0023 in. (0,02 to 0,06 mm) | |
| GUDGEON PIN | ||
| Type | Press fit in connecting rod | |
| Dia. (outer) | 0.8745 to 0.8748 in. (22,21 to 22,22 mm) | |
| Fit to piston | 0.0002 to 0.0004 in. (0,005 to 0,010 mm) | |
| Fit in con. rod | Interference | |
| Gudgeon Pin Torque | 12 lbs/ft | |
| PISTONS | ||
| Type | Aluminum alloy, concave top | |
| Clearance - top of skirt | 0.0019 to 0.0025 in. (0,05 to 0,06 mm) | |
| Clearance - bottom of skirt | 0.0007 to 0.0013 in. (0,02 to 0,03 mm) | |
| Oversizes available | 0.010 in. (0,25 mm) 0.020 in. (0,51 mm) | |
| Width of groove - top | 0.081 to 0.082 in. (2,06 to 2,08 mm) | |
| Width of groove - second | 0.081 to 0.082 in. (2,06 to 2,08 mm) | |
| Width of groove - third | 0.1885 to 0.1895 in. (4.79 to 4.81 mm) | |
| Gudgeon pin bore | 0.8748 to 0.8751 in. (22,22 to 22,23 mm) | |
| Piston grading | A - 0.0003"-0006" | |
| B - 0.0006"-0009" | ||
| C - 0.0009"-0012" | ||
| D - 0.0023"-0015" | ||
| PISTON RINGS | ||
| Compression | 2 | |
| Top ring | Tapered, chrome faced | |
| Second ring | Tapered | |
| Fitted gap | 0.017 to 0.022 in. (0,43 to 0,56 mm) | |
| Groove clearance - top | 0.002 to 0.0035 in. (0,05 to 0,09 mm) | |
| Groove clearance -second | 0.002 to 0.003 in. (0,05 to 0,08 mm) | |
| Oil control | 1 | |
| Type | Two chrome faced rings with spacer | |
| Fitted gap - rings | 0.015 to 0.055 in. (0,38 to 1,40 mm) | |
| Fitted gap -spacer | 0.521 to 0.589 in. (13,24 to 14,95 mm) | |
| CAMSHAFT | ||
| Valve timing marks | Dimples on crankshaft and camshaft sprockets | |
| Adjustment | Non adjustable | |
| Valve timing mark | Valve 0.004 in. (0,10 mm) off seat at timing point. | |
| Inlet opens | 30 degrees BTDC | |
| Inlet closes | 75 degrees ABDC | |
| Exhaust opens | 68 degrees BBDC | |
| Exhaust closes | 37 degrees ATDC | |
| Bearings | 5 - thin wall | |
| Journal dia. front | 1.785 to 1.786 (45,34 to 45,36 mm) | |
| Journal dia. second | 1.755 to 1.756 (44,58 to 44,60 mm) | |
| Journal dia. third | 1.725 to 1.726 (43,82 to 43,84 mm) | |
| Journal dia. fourth | 1.695 to 1.696 (43,06 to 43,08 mm) | |
| Journal dia. fifth | 1.665 to 1.666 (42,29 to 42,32 mm) | |
| Diametrical clearance - front | 0.0005 to 0.0025 (0,01 to 0,06 mm) | |
| Diametrical clearance - rest | 0.0005 to 0.0035 (0,01 to 0,09 mm) | |
| TIMING CHAIN | ||
| Type | Inverted tooth | |
| Pitch and number of pitches | 0.375 in. (9,52 mm) pitch x 54 | |
| Controlled by | Chain design | |
| TAPPETS | ||
| Type | Hydraulic, non adjustable (not serviceable) | |
| Diametrical Clearance | 0.0008 to 0.0023 in. (0,02 to 0,06 mm) | |
| CYLINDER HEAD | ||
| Valve seat angle | 46 degrees + one quarter degree | |
| VALVES | ||
| Inlet: Face angle | 45 degrees + one quarter degree | |
| Inlet: Head diameter | 1.495 to 1.505 in. (37,97 to 38,23 mm) | |
| Inlet: Stem diameter from head... | 0.3402 to 0.3412 in. (8,64 to 8,67 mm) | |
| ...increasing to | 0.3407 to 0.3417 in. (8,65 to 8,68 mm) | |
| Inlet: Stem to guide clearance, top | 0.001 to 0.003 (0,03 to 0,08 mm) | |
| Inlet: Stem to guide clearance, bottom | 0.0005 to 0.0025 in. (0,01 to 0.06 mm) | |
| Lift | 0.39 in. (10,0 mm) | |
| Exhaust: Face angle | 45 degrees + one quarter degree | |
| Exhaust: Head diameter | 1.3075 to 1.3175 in. (33,21 to 33,47 mm) | |
| Exhaust: Stem diameter from head... | 0.3397 to 0.3407 in. (8,63 to 8,65 mm) | |
| ...increasing to | 0.3402 to 0.3412 in. (8,64 to 8,67 mm) | |
| Exhaust: Stem to guide clearance, top | 0.0015 to 0.0035 in. (0,04 to 0,09 mm) | |
| Exhaust: Stem to guide clearance, bottom | 0.002 to 0.004 in. (0,05 to 0,10 mm) | |
| Lift | 0.39 in. (10,0 mm) | |
| VALVE ROCKERS | ||
| Shaft diameter | 0.8092 to 0.8099 in. (20,55 to 22,57 mm) | |
| Arm bore diameter | 0.812 to 0.813 in. (20,62 to 20,65 mm) | |
| Ratio | 1.56 : 1 | |
| VALVE GUIDES | ||
| Length | 2.600 in. (66,04 mm) | |
| Outer diameter | 0.5942 to 0.5952 in. (15,09 to 15,12 mm) | |
| Inner diameter | 0.3427 to 0.3437 in. (8,70 to 8,73 mm) | |
| Fitted height | 0.745 in. (18.92mm) | |
| Interference fit in head | 0.0015 to 0,0035 in. (0,04 to 0,09 mm) | |
| VALVE SPRINGS | ||
| Free length, inner | 1.919 in. (48,74mm) | |
| Free length, outer | 2.068 in. (52,53 mm) | |
| Fitted length, inner | 1.630 in. (41,40 mm) | |
| Fitted length, outer | 1.600 in. (40,64 mm) | |
| Load to compress... | ||
| ...to fitted length, inner | 24 +/- 2.5 lbf (10 +/- 1,14 kgf) | |
| ...to fitted length, outer | 42 +/- 3 lbf (19,1 +/- 1,36 kgf) | |
| ENGINE LUBRICATION | ||
| System type | Wet sump, pressure fed. | |
| System pressure, running | 42 lbf/in2 (2,95 kgf/cm2) | |
| System pressure, idling | 34 lbf/in2 (2,39 kgf/cm2) | |
| OIL PUMP | ||
| Type | Gear | |
| OIL FILTER | ||
| Type | Full flow | |
| By-pass valve opens | 8 to 12 lbf/in2 (0,56 to 0,84 kgf/cm2) | |
| PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE | ||
| Free length | 3.20 in. (81,30 mm) | |
| Fitted length | 1.80 in. (45,70 mm) | |
| Load at fitted length | 9.3 +/- 0.5 lbf (4,22 +/- 0,23 kgf) | |
| CAPACITY ENGINE | ||
| Including filter | 8 Imp pints - 4,54 litres | |
| Filter | 1/2 pint - 0,28 litres | |
| COOLING SYSTEM | ||
| Type | Pressurized spill return system with thermostat control, pump and fan assisted. | |
| Pump | Centrifugal | |
| Thermostat | Wax element | |
| Thermostat temperature | 82 degrees C | |
| Pressure cap | 15 lbf/in2 (1,05 kgf/m2) | |
| Capacity with heater | 16 pints (9,1 litres) | |
| Fan | Twin electric | |
| Anti-freeze | Bluecol type AA | |
| Thermostatic fan cut-in | 88 degrees | |
| Thermostatic fan cut-out | 92 degrees | |
| FUEL SYSTEM | ||
| Tank capacity | 12 gallons | |
| Carburettor | S.U. HIF6 | |
| Damper | 0.070 in. | |
| Jet size | 0.100 in. (2,54 mm) | |
| Needle | BBU | |
| Piston spring | Yellow | |
| Air cleaners | Paper element type with air temperature control | |
| Fuel pump | S.U. electric AUF 305 | |
| IGNITION DETAILS | ||
| Timing marks | Pointer on timing case and degree marks on crankshaft pulley. | |
| Distributor | ||
| Make/type | Lucas 35 D8 | |
| Serial number | 41394 | |
| Rotation of rotor | Anti-clockwise | |
| Dwell angle | 26 to 28 degrees | |
| Contact breaker gap | 0.014 to 0.016 in. (0,35 to 0,40 mm) | |
| Condensor capacity | 0.18 to 0.24 microfarad | |
| Centrifugal advance (decelerating with vacuum pipe disconnected) | ||
| 33 to 37 degrees at 4900 rev/min | ||
| 28 to 32 degrees at 3600 rev/min | ||
| 24 to 28 degrees at 2600 rev/min | ||
| 19 to 23 degrees at 2000 rev/min | ||
| 14 to 18 degrees at 1600 rev/min | ||
| 9 to 13 degrees at 1200 rev/min | ||
| No advance below | 600 rev/min | |
| Vacuum advance | 16 degrees | |
| Vacuum advance - starts | 5 in. (127 mm) Hg. | |
| Vacuum advance - finishes | 17 in. (432 mm) Hg. | |
| Stroboscopic timing | 8 degrees BTDC at 1000 rev/min | |
| Spark Plugs | ||
| Make/type | Champion L92Y | |
| Gap | 0.035 in. (0,90 mm) | |
| Coil | ||
| Make/type | Lucas 16C6 with ballast resistor | |
| Primary resistance at 20C (68F) | 1.2 to 1.4 ohms | |
| Consumption - ignition on at 2000rpm | 1 amp | |
| CLUTCH | ||
| Type | Borg & Beck, 9.5 in. (DS.45 SF) | |
| Diaphragm spring colour | Red on two fingers | |
| Number of damper springs | 6 | |
| Damper spring colour | Brown/cream | |
| Clutch release | Ball bearing | |
| Master cylinder diameter | 0.70 in. (17,78 mm) | |
| Slave cylinder diameter | 1.0 in. (25,40 mm) | |
| Fluid | Unipart 550 | |
| GEARBOX AND OVERDRIVE | ||
| Forward gears | Four (all synchromesh) | |
| Ratios | Gearbox | Overall | |
| Reverse | 2.819 : 1 | 8.657 : 1 | |
| First | 3.138 : 1 | 9.637 : 1 | |
| Second | 1.974 : 1 | 6.062 : 1 | |
| Third | 1.259 : 1 | 3.866 : 1 | |
| Fourth | 1.000 : 1 | 3.071 : 1 | |
| Overdrive | 0.82 : 1 | 2.518 : 1 | |
| Road speed in top gear - direct | 23 m.p.h. (per 1000 rev/min) | |
| Road speed in top gear - overdrive | 28 m.p.h. (per 1000 rev/min) | |
| Speedometer gear ratio | 8/21 | |
| Overdrive type | Laycock LH | |
| PROPELLER SHAFT | ||
| Type | Tubular with Hardy Spicer joints | |
| FINAL DRIVE | ||
| Type | Hypoid, semi floating | |
| Ratio | 3.071 : 1 (14/43) | |
| Differential bearing preload | 0.002 in. (0,05 mm) "nip" per bearing | |
| Backlash adjustment - crown wheel | Spacers | |
| Backlash adjustment - pinion | Head washer | |
| STEERING | ||
| Type | Rack and pinion | |
| Steering wheel diameter | 15.5 in. (394 mm) | |
| Turns - lock to lock | 2.93 | |
| Turning circle: left lock | 34 ft. (10,36 m) | |
| Turning circle: right lock | 33 ft. 1 in. (10,08 m) | |
| Pinion end float | 0.002 to 0.005 in. (0,05 to 0,12 mm) | |
| Damper end float | 0.0005 to 0.003 in. (0,01 to 0,08 mm) | |
| Toe-in | 1/16 to 3.32 in. (1,6 to 2,4 mm) | |
| FRONT SUSPENSION | ||
| Type | Independent. Coil spring and wishbone. | |
| Spring - coil diameter (mean) | 3.238 in. (82,2 mm) | |
| Spring - free height | 9.32 +/- 0.06 in. (236,7 +/- 1,5 mm) | |
| Spring - static length | 6.84 in. (173,7 mm) at 1193 lbf (540.1 kgf) | |
| Spring - number of free coils | 7.2 | |
| Camber angle | Nominal 1 degree positive (+ 0.5 degrees, - 1.5 degrees) | |
| Caster angle | Nominal 7 degrees (+ 0.25 degrees, - 2 degrees) | |
| King pin inclination | Nominal 8 degrees (+ 1 degree, - 0.75 degrees) | |
| Dampers | Armstrong, lever arm, hydraulic | |
| Damper arm centres | 8 in. (203,2 mm) | |
| REAR SUSPENSION | ||
| Type | Semi-elliptic leaf spring | |
| Number of spring leaves | 6 plus bottom plate, | |
| Interleaving 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5. | ||
| Width of springs | 1.75 in. (44,4 mm) | |
| Gauge of leaves | 3 at 7/32 in. (5,6 mm), 3 at 3/16 in. (4,8 mm) | |
| Working load | 550 lb (249,7 kg) | |
| Dampers | Armstrong, lever arm, hydraulic | |
| Damper arm centres | 5.25 in. (133 mm) | |
| BRAKES | ||
| Type | Lockheed hydraulic, disc front, drum rear, servo assisted. | |
| Master cylinder diameter | 0.75 in. (19,05 mm) | |
| Servo type | Remote type 6 | |
| Front - caliper piston diameter | 2.125 in. (53,98 mm) | |
| Front - pad area (total) | 24 in2 (3,72 cm2) | |
| Front - disc diameter | 10,70 in. (271,78 mm) | |
| Front - pad material | F2241 (Unipart GBP 212) | |
| Rear - wheel cylinder diameter | 0.80 in. (20,32 mm) | |
| Rear - lining area (total) | 67.2 in2 (10,42 cm2) | |
| Rear - drum diameter | 10.0 in. (254 in.) | |
| Rear - surface width | 1.75 in. (44,45 mm) | |
| Rear - lining material | GBS 602 Lining material MA1 | |
| WHEELS | ||
| Size | 5J x 14 | |
| TYRES | ||
| Size and type | 175 HR - 14, tubeless, radial | |
| ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT | ||
| System | 12 volt, negative earth | |
| Batteries (two six volt) | CA 11/9E or CAZ11/9E | |
| Capacity : 10 hour rate | 53 Ah | |
| Capacity : 20 hour rate | 60 Ah | |
| Plates per cell | 9 | |
| Electrolyte to fill one cell | 1 pint (570 cm3, 1.2 U.S. pints) | |
| Fuses | 35A (blow rating) | |
| Alternator | ||
| Type | A.C. Delco 7982707 | |
| Output at 14.2V and 5000 rev/min | 46A | |
| Brush length (minimum) | 0.25 in. (6,3 mm) | |
| Brush spring tension | 8 to 13 ozf (227 to 369 gf) | |
| Starter Motor | ||
| Make and type | Lucas 3M100 Pre-engaged | |
| Wiper Motor | ||
| Make and type | Lucas, two speed | |
| Horns | ||
| Make and type | Lucas 9H | |
| Maximum current consumption | 3.5 to 4 amp | |
| GENERAL DIMENSION | ||
| Overall width | 4 ft 11 15/16 in. (152,3 cm) | |
| Overall height | 4 ft 1 31/32 in. (126,9 cm) | |
| Track - front | 4 ft 1 in. (124.4 cm) | |
| Track - rear | 4 ft 1.25 in. (125 cm) | |
| Wheelbase | 7 ft 7.135 in. (231,5 cm) | |
| Ground clearance (unladen) | 4.25 in. (108 mm) | |
| CAPACITIES | ||
| Fuel tank | 12 gal (54 litres) | |
| Cooling system | 16 pt. (9,1 litres) | |
| Steering rack | 1/3 pt. (0,18 litre) | |
| Engine - with filter | 8 pt. (4,54 litres) | |
| Filter | 1/2 pt. (0.28 litre) | |
| Gearbox and overdrive | 6 pt. (3,4 litres) E.R.90 | |
| Rear axle | 1 1/2 pt. (0,85 litre) | |
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Torque Wrench Settings
| ENGINE | lbf ft | kgf m | |
| Main bearing cap bolts - 1 to 4 | 53 | 7,32 | |
| Main bearing cap bolts - rear | 68 | 9,40 | |
| Connecting rod cap nuts | 33 | 4,65 | |
| Cylinder head bolts | 68 | 9,40 | |
| Rocker shaft bolts | 28 | 3,87 | |
| Flywheel bolts | 55 | 7,60 | |
| Oil pump cover bolts | 13 | 1,80 | |
| Oil pressure relief valve plug | 33 | 4,56 | |
| Timing chain cover bolts | 23 | 3,18 | |
| Crankshaft pulley bolt | 150 | 20,73 | |
| Distributor drive gear to camshaft bolt | 43 | 5,94 | |
| Exhaust manifold bolts | 13 | 1,80 | |
| Induction manifold bolts | 28 | 3,87 | |
| Induction manifold gasket clamp bolts | 13 | 1,80 | |
| Carburetter adapter nuts | 18 | 2,49 | |
| Important : As the V8 engine is fitted with a cast aluminum cylinder block it is of critical importance to adhere to the specified tightening torque for all bolts. It is equally important to maintain the designed thread engagement lengths, otherwise irreparable damage may be done to the cylinder block. Always use bolts of the correct length and where specified use the thread lubricant and sealer. | |||
| REAR AXLE | |||
| Crown wheel bolts | 63 | 8,70 | |
| Differential bearing cap bolts | 53 | 7,32 | |
| Pinion bearing nut (new spacer only) | 200 | 27,64 | |
| Half shaft nut | 150 | 20,73 | |
| REAR SUSPENSION | |||
| Shock absorber to side member nut | 58 | 8,01 | |
| FRONT SUSPENSION | |||
| Bottom wishbone pivot to crossmember nut | 45 | 6,22 | |
| Front shock absorber to crossmember bolt | 44 | 6,08 | |
| Crossmember to side member nut - top | 55 | 7,60 | |
| Crossmember to side member nut - bottom | 45 | 6,22 | |
| STEERING | |||
| Column clamp bolt | 85 | 0,98 | |
| Wheel nut | 28 | 3,87 | |
| Column universal joint nut | 21 | 2,90 | |
| Rack to tie rod ball joint nut | 35 | 4,84 | |
| ROAD WHEELS | |||
| Stud nut | 60 | 8,30 | |
MGB-GT V8 ENGINES GENERAL DETAILS
ROCKER SHAFTS
Before removing the rocker shafts, note the position of the notch, arrowed, in the end face of each shaft. This notch must be uppermost and towards the front of the engine on the right hand side and towards the rear on the left hand side. After removing rocker shaft assemblies, withdraw the pushrods and tappets and retain in the sequence removed.
INSPECTION OF HYDRAULIC TAPPETS AND PUSHRODS
The tappets are non-serviceable. Replace tappet assembly if body is roughly scored or grooved, or has a blow hole extending through the wall in a position to permit leakage of oil from lower chamber of tappet. Inspect the cam contact surface of the tappets. Tappets must rotate and a circular wear pattern (as shown at "A") is normal. A non-rotating tappet will show wear as in the illustration (at "B"). Replace tappet and ensure that it is free to revolve in the cylinder block. "C" shows excessive wear of surface, and the tappet should be replaced. Pushrods, can be fitted either way round when new, but after use the rocker end of the rod becomes polished and should be retrofitted in the original position
NOTE
It should be noted that tappet noise can be expected on initial starting up after an overhaul due to oil drainage from the tappet assemblies or if the vehicle has been standing over a very long period. If excessive noise should be apparent alter an overhaul, the engine should be run at approximately 2500 rev/min for a few minutes when the noise should be eliminated.
INLET MANIFOLD
The inlet manifold is a one piece aluminium casting. This also contains water
passages through which coolant circulates from the cylinder heads.
Also housed in the manifold is the thermostat, thermal transmitter for the
temperature gauge, and the thermal switch which controls the electrically
driven cooling fans.
A carburetter adaptor is mounted on the inlet manifold. This adaptor holds the
carburetters, which are mounted at the rear of the engine.
Before refitting the inlet manifold, new gasket seals should be fitted. These
must be smeared on both sides with silicon grease, then fitted in position
ensuring that the ends of the seals are fitted correctly in the notches formed
between the cylinder head and cylinder block.
Apply Hylomar sealing compound "SQ 32M" on the four corners of the cylinder
head, inlet manifold gasket, and inlet manifold, around the water passage joints.
Place the inlet manifold gasket in position with the word 'FRONT' to the front,
the open bolt hole 'A' will be positioned to the front, right band side.
Fit the gasket clamps and bolts but do not fully tighten at this stage.
Position the inlet manifold on the cylinder heads and connect up the water hoses.
Fit all bolts into the cylinder heads, using a little EC 776 lubricant/sealant.
Note: The two longer bolts are installed at the front.
As the bolt holes are not at right angles to the inlet manifold's cylinder head
faces, there may be an illusion of misalignment. Tighten all the manifold to
cylinder head bolts a little at a time. Tighten evenly, alternating sides working
from centre of engine to each end.
Finally tighten to a torque figure of 3,5 - 4,0 kgf m (25 - 30 lbf ft) following
the sequence detailed above.
The clamp bolts at the front and rear of the gasket can now be tightened to a
torque figure of 1,4 - 2,0 kgf m (10 - 15 lbf ft).
REFITTNIG EXHAUST MANIFOLD
It is essential that the following procedure is adopted. Locate the exhaust
manifold on the engine. (No gasket is used.) Fit the fixing bolts, after coating
with Loctite 40.
Tighten to torque figure 2,0 kgf m (15 lbf ft).
Do not overtighten at this stage.
After engine has run for a minimum of five minutes, torque settings should be
rechecked. (The above procedure allows for "creep" due to different rates of
expansion of dissimilar metals.)
CYLINDER HEAD
If both cylinder heads are being removed, mark them relative to LH and RH sides
of the engine to ensure that they are refitted in their original position.
NOTE On stripping an engine, the cylinder head bolts should be immediately
wire brush washed in 3M solvent No 2. If the bolts cannot be cleaned as soon as
they are removed, it is essential that they be stored in a bath of trichiorethylene,
petrol or paraffin etc., which may also be used as a cleaner if 3M solvent No. 2
is not available, otherwise the sealant used on previous assembly will tend to
air harden making subsequent removal very difficult.
Fit new cylinder head gaskets with the word 'TOP' uppermost.
Do not use any sealant as the gaskets are already coated with a lacquer. Before
refitting the cylinder head bolts, the threads should be cleaned, then coated
with thread lubricant sealant 3M EC776.
Damage to the aluminium cylinder block threads can result if bolts are not
lubricated with 'EC 776' prior to installation. A false torque reading may
also be obtained.
Locate the cylinder head bolts in position:
Long bolts 1, 2 & 4,
Medium bolts 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10, and
Short bolts 11, 12, 13 & 14.
Tighten the bolts a little at a time in the sequence shown. Final torque:
9,0 to 9,6 kgf m (65 to 70 lbf ft). Uneven tightening of the cylinder head
bolts can cause distortion of the cylinder bores, causing compression loss
and excessive oil consumption,
CAUTION Any attempt to salvage the sparking plug threads in the cylinder
head may result in breaking into the water jacket, rendering the head scrap.
Cylinder heads must not be refaced, as this will affect the fit of the induction
manifold and also the operation of the hydraulic tappets.
CYLINDER HEAD OVERHAUL
Use particular care to protect gasket surfaces of cylinder heads.
After removing valves, clean with a soft wire brush. Avoid scratching
the aluminium combustion chambers and valve seats.
If valve guides need replacing, they should be driven out using tool No. 274401.
Service valve guides are 0,025 mm (0.001 in.) larger on the outside diameter in
order to obtain a good fit in the cylinder head.
Lubricate and install new guide from top of head using special tool No. 600959
'A' and distance piece part No, 605774 'B'.
The tool is designed to bottom when the guide is correctly positioned. The
fitted guide should stand 19 mm (3/4 in.) above the step surrounding the valve
guide boss in the cylinder head. See illustration "C".
Valve seat inserts are replaceable. For details see Repair Operation manual.
Correct valve seat angle 46 degree + ¼ degree. Correct valve face angle is 45
degrees.
Improper hydraulic tappet operation may result if valve and seat are refinished
to the extent that the valve stem is raised more than 1,27 mm (0.050 in.) above
normal height. In this case, it will be necessary to grind off the end of the
valve stem or replace parts. The normal height of the valve stem above the outer
valve spring seat surface of the head is 47 mm (1.850 in.) + 0,635 mm (0.025 in.)
TIMING GEAR C0VER
Remove crankshaft pulley.
Mark the distributor body relative to the center line of the rotor arm. If the
distributor is to be removed, make corresponding marks on the distributor and
timing cover. Remove timing cover bolts, including two from the sump, and remove
timing cover complete.
TIMING COVER OIL SEAL REPLACEMENT
Drive out oil thrower 'A' towards the rear of the cover. (It may be pulled out
using 18G 1087.)
Coil a new seal "B" into a new oil thrower, refit thrower and seal assembly into
timing cover, ensuring that the ends of the seal are at the top.
Stake the thrower in place by use of a small chisel at three equidistant points.
Rotate a hammer shaft around the inside of the seal until the crankshaft pulley
can be inserted.
REFITTING TIMING COVER
Fit new cover joint washer.
If distributor is in cover, set the rotor arm approximately 30 degrees before the
final positioning mark, to compensate for skew gear engagement.
Locate timing cover in position.
Clean the threads of the cover securing bolts and then coat them with thread
lubricant - sealant 3M EC 776.
Fit cover bolts and tighten to 2,8 - 3,5 kgf m (20 to 25 lbf ft).
Fit crankshaft pulley torque 19,3 to 22,3 kgf m (140 - 160 lbf ft).
CAMSHAFT
The camshaft is positioned centrally in the cylinder block and is supported by
five bearings.
CAUTION: Do not damage the bearings when withdrawing the camshaft as the
camshaft bearings are not serviceable.
TIMING CHAIN AND GEARS
An inverted tooth type chain is fitted in conjunction with a sintered iron crankshaft
gear. The camshaft gear is made of aluminum alloy, the teeth are covered with nylon.
CAUTION: DO NOT rotate the engine after chain is removed if rocker shafts
are fitted, otherwise the valve gear and pistons will be damaged.
REFITTING TIMING CHAIN AND GEARS
Remove the rocker shafts. Set the engine with the "number one piston" at TDC.
Temporarily fit the camshaft gear with the camshaft gear with the marking "FRONT"
outward. (If the gear is not marked, the chamfer should be fitted towards the engine.)
Turn the camshaft until the mark on the gear is at the six o'clock position, then
remove the gear without disturbing the camshaft setting. Locate the timing gears
onto the chain with the timing marks aligned.
Engage chain and gears onto camshaft and crankshaft key locations.
Check that timing marks are in line. Fit the fuel pump cam "A" with "F" marking
outward. (Note: It's used as a spacer only.) Fit the distributor drive "B",
washer and bolt, and oil thrower, concave side outwards "C".
CONNECTING RODS AND PISTONS
Connecting rods have horizontally split big ends and plain small ends.
Pistons are of aluminium alloy with "W" slot skirt. These pistons must always
be used with a crankshaft having an identification groove in the face at the
starter dog end.
The piston gudgeon pins are a press fit in the small end of the connecting rod,
known as semi-floating and are removed and refitted using tool No. 18G 1150
with adaptor 180 1150E.
After removing a connecting rod cap, screw guide bolts (part No 605351) onto
the connecting rod.
Push the connecting rod and piston assembly up the cylinder bore and withdraw
it from the top.
REFITTING
Turn the applicable crankshaft journal to BDC.
Place the bearing upper shell in the connecting rod.
Retain shell by screwing guide bolts onto the connecting rod.
Insert the connecting rod and piston assembly into its respective bore, noting
that the domed boss on connecting rod ("A" on the illustration) and bearing cap
("B") must face towards the front of the engine on the right
hand bank of cylinders and towards the rear on the left hand bank.
When both connecting rods are fitted, the bosses will face inwards towards each
other.
BIG END BEARINGS
The fit of bearings to crankshaft is checked using Plastigauge - type PG-1 -
part No. 605238.
Place a piece of Plastigauge across the centre of the lower half of the crankshaft
journal, illustration "A". Locate the bearing cap and shell to the connecting rod.
Tighten the connecting rod cap nuts to torque figure 4,0 to 4,9 kgf m (30 to
35 lbf ft).
NOTE: DO NOT rotate the crankshaft while the Plastigauge is fitted.
Remove the bearing cap and shell.
Using the scale printed on the Plastigauge packet, measure the flattened
Plastigauge at its widest point - illustration "B".
The graduation that most closely corresponds to the width of the Plastigauge
indicates the bearing clearance.
The correct bearing clearance with new or overhauled components is 0,015 to
0,055 mm (0,0006 to 0.0022 in.).
If a bearing has been in service it is advisable to fit a new hearing if the
clearance exceeds 0,08 mm (0.003 in.).
Wipe off the Piastigauge with an oily rag. DO NOT SCRAPE IT OFF.
CRANKSHAFT
Supported by five main bearings.
End-float 0,10 to 0,20 mm (0.004 to 0.008 in.) controlled by flanged centre
main bearing.
NOTE: If the same bearing shells are to be refitted, retain them in pairs
and mark them with the number of the respective journal.
Care must be taken when refitting main bearing shells regarding position in
bearing. The shells with the oil drilling and oil grooves must be fitted to
the cylinder block.
Main bearing clearance is checked using Plastigauge as detailed in connecting
rod section of Student's Technical Notes.
CRANKSHAFT REAR OIL SEAL
A lip type seal is fitted into a recess formed by the cylinder block and the
rear main bearing cap.
Bearing cap side seals of cruciform design are fitted into grooves in the sides
of the cap. Illustration "B".
FITTING NEW REAR OIL SEAL
Fit new side seals to the grooves each side of the bearing cap. DO NOT
cut the side seals to length, they must protrude 1,5 mm (0.062 in.) approximately
above the bearing cap parting face.
Apply Hylomar PL 32M (Unipart No. GGC 102) to the rearmost half of the rear main
bearing cap parting face or, if preferred, to the equivalent area on the cylinder
block as iIlustrated at "D".
Lubricate the bearing shell and bearing cap side seals with clean engine oil.
Fit the bearing cap assembly to the cylinder block.
Do not tighten the fixings at this stage, but ensure that the cap is fully home
and squarely seated or the cylinder block. Tension the cap bolts "A" equally by
one quarter turn approximately, then back off one complete turn on each bolt.
Position the seal guide tool ("B") part No. R.O. 1014 on the crankshaft flange.
Ensure that the oil seal guide and the crankshaft journal are clean, then coat
the seal guide and oil seal journal "C" with clean engine oil.
CAUTION: Do not handle the seal lip at any time, visually check that
it is not damaged and ensure that the outside diameter remains clean and dry.
Position the oil seal, illustration "D", lipped side towards the engine, on
to the seal guide.
Push home the seal fully and squarely by hand into the recess formed in the
cap and block until it abuts against the machined step in the recess.
Withdraw the seal guide.
Tighten the rear main bearing cap bolts fully and evenly to torque figure 9,0
to 9,6 kgf m (65 to 70 lbf ft).
THE S.U. HORIZONTAL INTRGRAL FLOAT CARBURETTER (TYPE H.I.F.)
Pollution control limits required by appropriate legislation are becoming
increasingly difficult to achieve.
The H.I.F. carburetter incorporates design features which will assist in reducing
exhaust emissions to within the limits at present demanded.
The new design features provide:
(a) Automatic mixture adjustment relative to fuel temperature.
(b) Consistent accurate cold start mixture control.
(c) Improved idling mixture control and smoother progression characteristics.
The basic operation principles of the S.U. carburetter remain unchanged.
DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW DESIGN FEATURES
Piston and Main Body
The base of the piston now includes an horizontal slot. With the piston in
position, this horizontal slot envelopes a box section cast in the throttle
disc side of the venture bridge.
A drilling in the box section communicates with another drilling in the venture
situated at the lower edge of the throttle disc. The slot in the piston, together
with the two drillings, form a controlled by-pass mixture feed.
This new design feature provides better idling mixture control, and smoother
progression characteristics.
The Needle
This is a spring-loaded type needle, biased in light contact with the jet,
towards the throttle disc end of the carburetter, so providing a consistent
crescent shaped fuel emission area.
To ensure maximum benefit from this new design feature, it is most important
that the needle assembly is correctly fitted into the piston base.
The needle is correctly fitted when the etch line on the needle guide is nearest
to, and centrally placed between the two transfer holes, and the needle shoulder
flush with the piston base. The raised 'pip' on one end of the needle guide
provides the bias.
This needle is not peculiar to the H.I.F. carburetter alone. It is currently
fitted to the standard design S.U. carburetter fitted to some Home and Export
model cars - e.g. 1750 Maxi and Marina range.
Float Chamber Components
The float chamber is an integral part of the carburetter body, providing a fuel
reservoir in which the newly designed, one-piece, jet and feed pipe is partially
immersed.
The horizontal link of the "L" shaped adjusting level is a bi-metal assembly
submerged in the fuel and connected to the base of the jet. This bi-metal
assembly senses changes in fuel temperature, and transmits the effects of
these changes to the jet.
Ten degree variation in fuel temperature is equivalent to 0.004" to 0.006"
jet movement.
This is an exhaust emission control design feature which provides automatic
mixture control adjustment relative to fuel temperature.
Cold Start Enrichment Device
It has been established that the method of cold starting on the existing S.U. carburetter is inadequate to meet all current and future pollution control legislation, for the following reasons. The amount of "jet drop" provided for cold start is not under accurate control, permitting day to day variation of the mixture enrichment provided for cold start purposes. It has also been proved with the aid of highly sensitive exhaust gas analysers that the jet does not always return to its original position after the cold start operation has been completed.The rotary valve type enrichment device fitted to the H.I.F. carburetter eliminates the jet movement discrepancies existing on other S.U. carburetters by providing an accurately controlled cold start mixture supply independent of the main jet.
This is yet another development by British Leyland in pursuing a policy of continuous improvement in the design and quality of its products.
September 1971
Product Training - Cars School.
L.H. OVERDRIVE
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
1. OVERDRIVE DOES NOT ENGAGE
Insufficient oil in gearbox.
Electrical fault.
Low hydraulic pressure.
Damaged parts within unit.
2. OVERDRIVE DOES NOT DISENGAGE
NOTE: If overdrive does disengage, do not reverse the car
as extensive damage may result.
Electrical control system fault.
Sticking clutch.
Damaged parts within unit.
3. CLUTCH SLIP IN OVERDRIVE
Insufficient oil.
Low hydraulic pressure.
Worn or glazed clutch lining.
4. CLUTCH SLIP IN REVERSE OR FREEWHEEL CONDITION ON OVERRUN
Worn or glazed clutch lining.
Broken circlip on sunwheel.
5. NOISE IN OVERDRIVE ONLY
Epycyclic gear train worn.
Pump worn.
6. NOISE IN DIRECT DRIVE ONLY
Cone clutch bearing worn.
Product Training (Cars)
October 1972
GEARBOX
GEARBOX - NOTES FOR INSTRUCTORS
DIFFERENCES
The gearbox assembly fitted to the MGB GT V8 is very similar to the MGC box
and the gear cluster is similar to the MGB.
The main differences are as follows:
The clutch release lever is different, being shaped to accommodate a steel
sleeve and ball race thrust bearing which is similar in appearance to that
used on the Morris Marina.
The front cover incorporates an extended nose which supports the release
bearing and sleeve.
The laygear thrust washers have been altered from round steel washers with
oil grooves to dimpled, copper covered thrust washers with tabs locating
against webs inside the gearbox case.
GENERAL
The two synchronizer hub assemblies are not interchangeable.
The coupling sleeve of 3rd/4th synchro hub has a groove machined around
it as identification.
If both forks are fitted against the coupling sleeves the difference in
diameter will he obvious. It is most obvious when 1st/2nd selector fork
is fitted against 3rd/4th hub.
The third motion shaft lock washer tabs fit into the recessed nut.
Second gear thrust washer has two internal splines, locking it to the shaft.
Third gear end float must be checked with a D.T.I., as the thrust washers
fit into recesses in the gear, preventing the use of feeler gauges.
Product Training (Cars)
June 1973
GEARBOX
DATA
| First motion shaft hearing nip | 0 to 0.001 in. (0 to 0,03 mm) | |
| Shims available | 0.002 in. (0,05 mm), 0.004 in. (0,10 mm) | |
| Gear endfloat - 1st and 3rd | 0.005 to 0.007 in. (0,13 to 0,18 mm) | |
| Gear endfloat - 2nd | 0.005 to 0.008 in. (0,13 to 0,20 mm) | |
| Laygear endfloat | 0.002 to 0.007 in. (0,05 to 0,18 mm) | |
| Laygear selective thrust washers (rear) | 0.1195 to 0.1215 in. (3,04 to 3,09 mm) | |
| 0.123 to 0.125 in. (3.12 to 3.17 mm) | ||
| 0.1265 to 0.1285 in. (3.21 to 3.26 mm) | ||
| 0.130 to 0.132 in. (3,30 to 3,35 mm) | ||
| 0.133 to 0.135 in. (3,38 to 3,43 mm) | ||
| Synchromesh hub spring - free length | 0.720 in. (18,3 mm) | |
| Selector detent spring - free length | 1.0625 in. (30,2 mm) | |
| Reverse plunger spring - free length | 0.9603 in. (23,02 mm) | |
DISMANTLING PROCEDURE
Front cover
Dislodge the clutch release lever rubber boot from the flywheel housing.
Remove the release lever pivot bolt and withdraw the lever complete with
the bearing and sleeve.
Remove the front cover.
Note the shims fitted between the cover and the first motion shaft bearing.
Overdrive and adaptor
Undo the six retaining bolts and remove the remote control assembly.
Remove the overdr:ive assembly from the gearbox adaptor.
Slide the overdrive pump cam off the tail shaft and remove the driving
ball. Using 18G 1004 (see fig 2) remove the cam circlip from the shaft.
Engage 4th gear.
Withdraw the selector interlock arm and plate assembly (see fig 3),
tilting the assembly as necessary.
Remove the adaptor from the gearbox.
Check the operation of the reverse plunger, reverse light switch and
the overdrive isolation switch.
Selector forks and rods
Remove the side cover.
Remove the three selector detent plunger plugs and springs (see fig 4).
Slacken the locknuts (7/l6 A.F.) and undo the fork retaining screws
(1/8 Whit.)
Withdraw the selector rods and remove the forks.
If it is only necessary to remove the selector forks and rods, this
can be done by following the above procedure from the heading 'Overdrive
and adaptor' without removing the gearbox from the engine.
Reverse idler gear
Knock back the locking tab on the shaft retaining bolt, remove the bolt
and withdraw the shaft rearwards.
Withdraw the gear from the case.
Inspect the shaft, gear teeth and gear bearings for signs of wear or
damage.
First motion shaft
Carefully drift the layshaft from the gearbox forwards.
Check that the laygear teeth are clear of the gear.
Fit the impulse extractor 18G 284 with adaptors 18G 284 AAA and
18G 284 AW and remove the first motion shaft assembly.
(First motion shaft dismantling described on page E4.)
Third motion shaft
Again, check that the laygear teeth are clear of the gears and
synchro hubs.
With the aid of hollow drift 18G 1045, remove the third motion
shaft rearwards from the gearbox.
Note the locating peg and the cut-away in the bearing flange
which locates over it.
(Third motion shaft dismantling described on page E4.)
Laygear
Temporarily refit the layshaft and check the laygear end float,
which should be 0.002 to 0.007 in. (0,05 to 0,18 mm).
Remove the layshaft.
Remove the laygear and thrust washers. Rear washer is selective.
Check the layshaft, the laygear teeth and the laygear bearings for
wear or damage.
FIRST MOTION SHAFT DISMANTLING
Withdraw the caged needle roller bearing from inside the rear end
of the shaft.
Knock back the hearing nut, Iock washer tab and fit tool 18G 49 to
the nut.
Clamp the shaft in a soft jawed vice (aluminium faced).
Remove the nut (L.H. thread) and the lock washer, then press the
bearing from the shaft.
Inspect the shaft and the bearing for signs of wear or damage.
THIRD MOTION SHAFT DISMANTLING
Check the end float of first and second gears with feeler gauges and
the end float of third gear with a dial test indicator (D.T.I.). See
data for correct end float.
Remove the 3rd/4th synchro. hub assembly complete with baulk rings.
(Note the annular groove on the coupling sleeve.)
After knocking back the lockwasher tab remove the round nut from the
front of the shaft using 18G 1024 then remove the lock washer.
Remove the shaft sleeve, third speed gear and the interlocking thrust
washer.
Remove second speed gear and its thrust washer.
Remove the lst/2nd speed synchro. hub assembly complete with baulk
rings.
Note: Although the components of the two synchro. hub assemblies
look similar, none of them are interchangeable from one hub to the other.
(See right, for identification of baulk rings.)
After knocking back the lock washer tab use 18G 391 (see right) to
remove the rear shaft nut.
Having removed the nut and lock washer remove the distance tube from
the shaft.
Press he first speed gear, reverse gear and the bearing complete with
housing from the shaft.
Wrap a cloth loosely around the synchro. hub assembly to retain the balls
and springs and push the hub out of the coupling sleeve.
Check the gears, hubs, coupling sleeves, shaft and bearing for wear or
damage. Also, if the gear endfloat was excessive check the gear thrust
washers for wear.
REASSEMBLY PROCEDURE
Replace any components found to be worn or damaged.
THIRD MOTION SHAFT
Use 18G 1026 to reassemble the synchro. Hubs. The hub may face either way
inside its own coupling sleeve but do not interchange them.
Press the first speed gear, reverse gear and bearing onto the shaft.
Refit the distance piece and a new Iock washer, then tighten the nut with
18G 391.
Refit the 1st/2nd synchro. hub assembly. The assembly may face either way
but remember to fit the correct baulk rings with it.
Refit the thrust washer and second gear.
Refit third gear to the shaft sleeve and fit the interlocking thrust
over the tangs on the sleeve, then fit the assembly to the shaft.
Fit a new lock washer, tighten the nut with 18G 1024 and lock with the
lock washer.
Refit the 3rd/4th synchro. hub complete with baulk rings.
FIRST MOTION SHAFT
Press the bearing onto the shaft.
Fit a new lock washer and refit the nut. Clamp the shaft in a soft jawed
vice (aluminium faced), tighten the nut with 18G 49 and lock with the
lock washer.
Insert the needle roller bearing into the rear end of the shaft.
GEARBOX REASSEMBLY
Laygear
If the laygear end float is outside the limits given in the dismantling
procedure select thrust washers.
Fit the laygear with bearings and thrust washers and lay it in the
bottom of the gearbox.
Third motion shaft
Enter the assembled shaft into the gearbox from the rear.
Check that the laygear teeth are clear of the shaft gear teeth.
First motion shaft
Carefully drift the assembled shaft into the casing, ensuring that the
laygear teeth do not foul the shaft gear teeth.
The layshaft can now be refitted from the front. Note: cut-away locates
in front cover.
Reverse idler gear
Place the gear into the gearbox.
Fit the shaft aligning the dowel hole with the locating bolt hole.
Fit the dowel bolt with a new tab washer, tighten the bolt and lock
with the tab.
Selector forks and rods
Fit the selector forks over the synchro. hubs and reverse idler.
Clean any burrs from the rods at the fork location points.
Ensure that the detent plungers are clear of the rod holes and refit
the rods.
Tighten the fork retaining screws and lock the lock nuts.
Refit the selector detent springs and plugs.
Refit the side cover,
OVERDRIVE AND ADAPTOR
Refit the adaptor to the gearbox.
Engage 4th gear.
Refit the overdrive pump cam circlip to the shaft using 18G 1004.
Refit pump cam driving ball to the shaft then fit the cam over it.
Rotate the gearbox mainshaft until the lowest point of the pump cam
is nearest to the pump plunger. This is to enable the plunger to ride
over the cam.
Refit the overdrive to the adaptor.
Refit the remote control assembly.
FRONT COVER
Measure the depth of the register in the front cover "A".
Measure how much the first motion shaft bearing outer race protrudes
from the casing "B".
Calculate the thickness of shims required between the front cover and
bearing as in the following example:
Front cover gasket (compressed thickness) = 0.015 in. (0,38 mm)
plus (+) shim register depth of 0.228 in. (5,79 mm)
equals (subtotal) 0.243 in. (6,17 mm)
minus (-) bearing protrusion of 0.218 in. (5,54 mm)
Equals (total) 0.025 in, (0,63 mm)
The shim thickness required is the calculated figure
+ 0.001 in. (0,03 mm) for bearing 'nip'.
Shims are available in the following sizes: 0.002 in. (0,05 mm)
and 0.004 in. (0,10 mm).
Fit new front cover gasket.
Fit the front cover, ensuring that the shims are properly positioned,
and tighten the nuts.
Coat the clutch lever pivot bolt and the rear half of the clutch
release bearing bore with Duckhams Laminoid grease or the equivalent.
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